Discover the Western Odisha Heritage Triangle — Sambalpur, Bargarh & Kalahandi.

I. Introduction: Beyond the Beaten Path, into the Heart of Odisha

For decades, the story of Odisha has been told through the sun-kissed stones of its famed Golden Triangle. The magnificent temples of Bhubaneswar, the spiritual shores of Puri, and the cosmic chariot of Konark have, for good reason, captured the world’s imagination, forming a circuit of unparalleled architectural and religious grandeur.1 Further inland, the Diamond Triangle of Ratnagiri, Udayagiri, and Lalitgiri whispers tales of a flourishing Buddhist past, its serene stupas and monasteries offering a tranquil journey into a different facet of the state’s spiritual history.3 These well-trodden paths have defined Odisha for the global traveler, showcasing a legacy carved in stone and sanctified by scripture.

But what if this is only part of the story? What if the true, pulsating heart of Odisha lies further west, in a vast and vibrant land where history is not confined to monuments but is lived every day in the rhythm of a drum, the pattern of a loom, and the collective cheer of a harvest? What if the soul of Odisha is waiting to be discovered in its sprawling western frontier?

Understanding Western Odisha Heritage triangle

The Western Odisha Heritage Triangle is a unique tourism circuit that connects three culturally and historically rich districts of Western Odisha – Sambalpur, Bargarh, and Kalahandi, this triangle offers an experience that is profoundly different yet deeply complementary to the state’s existing tourism treasures. It is a passage from the monumental to the immersive, from the classical to the folk, from ancient relics to living, breathing heritage.

This is not a journey to simply see Odisha, but to feel it. It is an invitation to step into the world’s largest open-air theatre, to witness the raw power of ancient deities, to trace the origins of civilization in Iron Age settlements, to feel the magic of threads being dyed and woven into poetry, and to share in the joy of a community celebrating its first harvest. The Western Odisha Heritage Triangle is the state’s next great chapter, a story of legends, landscapes, and living culture. It poses a question to every discerning traveler: are you ready to discover the Odisha you never knew existed?

II. The Cradle of Civilization: Echoes of the Dakshina Kosala Kingdom

To understand the profound connection that binds Sambalpur, Bargarh, and Kalahandi, one must journey back in time to an era when this entire region was a single, powerful entity: the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala, or South Kosala. This ancient realm, which encompassed modern Western Odisha and large parts of Chhattisgarh, was a vibrant center of culture, trade, and political power for centuries.5 The districts of the Heritage Triangle were not on the periphery of this kingdom; they were its very heartland. Their shared history as part of this influential civilization forms the historical bedrock of the circuit, revealing a legacy far older and more significant than often perceived. This journey is, in essence, a rediscovery of a lost epicenter of Odishan history, a place that challenges the conventional narrative that the state’s primary civilizational story began and ended on its coast.

Sambalpur: The Diamond Kingdom of Hirakhand

The story of Sambalpur is ancient, its name echoing through the annals of global history. The Greek geographer Ptolemy, in the 2nd century AD, marked it on his map as “Sambalaka,” situated on the banks of the river “Manada,” now known as the mighty Mahanadi. For centuries, however, the region was known by another, more glittering name: Hirakhand, the Diamond Kingdom. This was no mere poetic title. Ancient travelers and historians, including the Frenchman Tavernier and the Englishman Edward Gibbon, recorded that Sambalpur was a source of brilliant diamonds that were exported as far as Imperial Rome. The land, rich in mineral wealth and tribal lore, was the dwelling place of the Sabara tribes since antiquity, with some accounts tracing its settlement back to 5000 BC.   

Sambalpur’s spiritual significance is just as profound. It emerged as a major center for Vajrayana Buddhism, particularly under the patronage of its celebrated king, Indrabhuti, in the 8th century AD. In a fascinating confluence of faiths, King Indrabhuti is credited by many scholars as being the first to install and worship the deity of Jagannath, a tradition that would later become the cornerstone of Odia spirituality. Later, the Chauhan dynasty, arriving in the 16th century, established a powerful kingdom with Sambalpur as its capital. A cornerstone of the Chauhan rule was the strategic and spiritual integration with the local culture. While the goddess Samaleshwari had been worshipped by local tribal communities for centuries, with her idol located under a  Semel (silk cotton) tree , it was the first Chauhan king, Balaram Dev, who formally established the royal cult in the mid-16th century. According to records, he found the idol and built the first temple in her honor.

By adopting the powerful local deity as his   Ista Devi (tutelary deity) to Goddes Samaleshwari , he cemented the support of the local population and legitimized his rule.

Under their rule, the region flourished culturally and politically, a legacy that continued until the British annexation under the Doctrine of Lapse in 1849. This act sparked one of the longest and most valiant struggles against British rule in India, led by the indomitable freedom fighter Veer Surendra Sai, who resisted the empire for decades until his capture in 1864. From a fabled diamond hub to a cradle of religious innovation and a bastion of freedom, Sambalpur stands as the cultural and historical gateway to the Heritage Triangle.   

Kalahandi: The Great Forest of Mahakantara

If Sambalpur was the kingdom of diamonds, Kalahandi was the treasure chest from which they came. In ancient times, this vast, forested region was known as Mahakantara (the Great Forest) and, more tellingly, Karunda Mandal—the land of gemstones.12 Precious stones like corundum (karandam), garnet, and sapphire were so abundant that the region’s name was synonymous with them. Even the name of its presiding deity, Manikeswari, means “Goddess of Gems”.12 As early as the 4th century BC, the area, then known as Indravana, was a known source of gemstones for the imperial Mauryan treasury.13

For centuries, Kalahandi was considered a remote, “backward” region. However, recent archaeological discoveries have dramatically overturned this perception, repositioning it as a veritable cradle of early Odishan civilization. The most significant of these is the fortified settlement of Asurgarh. Excavations have revealed that Asurgarh was a sophisticated, urban center dating back to the Iron Age, with its origins in the 9th century BCE.14 This timeline makes it significantly older than Sisupalgarh near Bhubaneswar, which was previously considered the state’s earliest major fortified city.15 The discovery of pre-Mauryan punch-marked coins, Mauryan-era pottery, Chunar sandstone with the characteristic Mauryan polish, and advanced water management systems like a massive 200-acre reservoir, all point to a highly advanced and well-organized society flourishing here over 2,300 years ago.14 This evidence suggests that the process of urbanization in Odisha may not have started on the coast, but deep within the heartland of Mahakantara. A journey to Kalahandi is therefore not just a tour of a district, but an expedition to the very roots of Odishan urbanism.

Bargarh: The Strategic Fort of Baghar Kota

Nestled between the historical power centers of Sambalpur and Kalahandi, Bargarh has always played a crucial strategic role. Its history is deeply intertwined with that of Sambalpur, from which it was officially carved out as a separate district only in 1993.18 Yet, its own identity is ancient and formidable. An 11th-century inscription reveals its original name was “Baghar Kota,” which translates to “Tiger Fort,” a name that evokes a sense of martial strength and strategic importance.20

Its modern identity was cemented in the 16th century when Balaram Dev, the first Chauhan Raja of Sambalpur, established his headquarters here and constructed a large fort for its protection, giving the town its current name, Bargarh.18 As a vital subdivision of the Chauhan kingdom, Bargarh was central to the region’s administration and defense. It was part of the cluster of states ruled by the powerful Chauhans until the British annexation in 1849.18 During the freedom struggle, it was a key theater of Veer Surendra Sai’s rebellion against the British, with many local kulta, Teli, Gond and Binjhal landlords joining his cause.22 Today, Bargarh is known as the “rice bowl of Odisha” due to the fertile plains irrigated by the Hirakud Dam 22, but its historical legacy as a strategic fort and a loyal bastion of the Sambalpur kingdom makes it an indispensable vertex of the Heritage Triangle.

III. Sanctuaries of Faith: The Deities and Temples of the Triangle

The spiritual landscape of the Western Odisha Heritage Triangle is dominated by powerful, living deities who are not distant mythological figures but active guardians and participants in the daily lives of the people. The temples here are more than just architectural monuments; they are vibrant centers of a unique faith that masterfully blends classical Hindu traditions with deep-seated tribal and Tantric roots. This process of syncretism, where local animist beliefs were absorbed and honored by ruling dynasties, is the defining characteristic of the region’s spirituality. A journey through these sanctuaries is a chance to witness the fascinating confluence of cultures that has shaped the soul of Western Odisha.

Maa Samaleswari: The Soul of Sambalpur

On the banks of the Mahanadi River stands the temple of Shree Shiri Samaleswari, the reigning deity of the entire Sambalpur region and beyond, whose influence extends deep into neighboring Chhattisgarh.23 Sambalpur itself derives its name from her, a testament to her profound importance.8 Worshipped from ancient times as Jagatjanani (Mother of the Universe) and Adishakti (Primordial Energy), the idol of Maa Samaleswari is a unique, un-hewn block of granite with a protuberance at its base, believed to be a rare representation of

linga-yoni worship.23

The history of her worship is a classic example of cultural assimilation. When the Chauhan kings arrived in the 16th century, they strategically adopted the powerful local tribal deity Samalei as their Ista Devi (tutelary deity), thereby earning the support of the local populace and legitimizing their rule.24 The temple they built became a symbol of this fusion. Her worship reflects this complex heritage, incorporating both Tantric elements and Vaishnavi mantras.24 She is offered both vegetarian and, on specific days, non-vegetarian offerings, a practice that acknowledges her tribal origins.26 As the spiritual anchor of the region, a visit to her temple is the essential starting point for any journey into the Heritage Triangle.

Maa Manikeswari: The Royal Patron of Kalahandi

In Bhawanipatna, the heart of Kalahandi, resides Maa Manikeswari, the clan deity of the region’s erstwhile royal family.27 Her name, derived from Manikya (gemstones), is a direct link to Kalahandi’s ancient identity as Karunda Mandal, the land of precious stones.12 The present temple, completed in 1947, stands on a site of worship that dates back to at least the 10th century.28

Maa Manikeswari is a deity of immense power and unique form. She is worshipped as a headless goddess, a form that identifies her with Chhinnamastha, one of the fierce Mahavidya avatars of Devi Durga.31 Her body is a cylindrical structure, upon which a new terracotta head, studded with gems, is ritually placed each year in a secret ceremony called

Munda Basa during Durga Ashtami.31 This annual renewal is central to her worship and leads directly into her most famous festival, the Chhatar Jatra. The rituals surrounding her are a captivating blend of royal patronage and the traditions of the local Kandh tribe, making her temple a focal point of the region’s unique tribal and non-tribal cultural synthesis.30

Lord Nrusinghanath: The Guardian of Gandhamardan

Perched on the northern slope of the sacred Gandhamardan Hills, which straddle the border of Bargarh and Balangir districts, is the 15th-century temple dedicated to Lord Nrusinghanath.32 While Nrusingha, the man-lion avatar of Vishnu, is worshipped across India, his form and legend here are entirely unique to the region. He is venerated as

Marjara Keshari—part cat, part lion.33

According to local legend, a demon named Musika Daitya (the mouse demon) was terrorizing the populace. To vanquish him, Lord Vishnu took the form of a cat-lion. The terrified mouse demon fled into a crevice in the mountain, and Lord Nrusinghanath has been waiting at its entrance ever since, forever guarding the world from his evil.32 This powerful local mythology transforms the deity from a distant Puranic figure into an immediate, ever-present protector. The temple itself, though only 45 feet high, is a masterpiece of Kalinga architecture and the starting point for a revered pilgrimage trek across the hills to the Harishankar Temple on the southern slope.32 The perennial stream ‘Papaharini‘ flows past the temple, its waters believed to wash away sins.33

Architectural Marvels and Sacred Circuits

• The Leaning Temple of Huma: A short distance south of Sambalpur lies one of India’s greatest architectural curiosities—the Leaning Temple of Huma.23 Dedicated to Lord Bimaleswar Shiva, this 17th-century temple is famously tilted. The mystery deepens within the complex, as the smaller shrines and even the boundary walls lean in different directions, defying any simple geological explanation like a tectonic shift.23 The river here is home to a special variety of fish known as ‘Kudo’ fish, which are considered sacred and are so tame they will eat food directly from the hands of devotees.23 The temple is a testament to a faith that, quite literally, defies convention.
• The Astasambhu of Bargarh: The legacy of the Chauhan dynasty’s devotion to Shaivism is beautifully preserved in the Astasambhu, or eight sacred Shiva temples, located in and around Bargarh district.36 This circuit includes ancient temples like the Bimaleswar Temple at Huma (though geographically closer to Sambalpur, it’s often included in the Bargarh circuit), Kedarnath Temple at Ambabhona, and the Baidyanath Temple at Deogaon. These temples, while modest in height, are rich in the intricate carvings and distinct architectural style of the Chauhan era, offering a fascinating spiritual and historical tour through the heartland of Bargarh.36

IV. The Rhythm of Life: A Calendar of Unforgettable Festivals

In Western Odisha, festivals are not mere dates on a calendar; they are grand, immersive events where myth, faith, and community converge, transforming the entire landscape into a living stage. These are not spectacles to be passively observed from a distance. They are participatory celebrations that draw everyone—local and visitor alike—into their vibrant narrative. To witness a festival in the Heritage Triangle is to experience the collective soul of the region at its most expressive, a powerful display of a culture that is not just remembered, but passionately and joyously lived.

Nuakhai: The Great Harvest Festival of Unity

Nuakhai is the single most important social festival of Western Odisha, a thread of tradition that binds every community in the Heritage Triangle and beyond.37 Celebrated on the

Panchami Tithi (fifth day) of the lunar month of Bhadraba, the day after Ganesh Chaturthi, its name is a simple combination of Nua (new) and Khai (food).38 It is a festival of gratitude, marking the harvest of the season’s first rice.

The heart of the ritual is the offering of the newly harvested rice, known as Navarna, to the presiding deity of the family or village. In Sambalpur, the first offering is made with great ceremony to Maa Samaleswari, setting the auspicious time (lagan) for the rest of the region to partake in their new rice.24 But Nuakhai is more than a harvest festival; it is a celebration of kinship and community. Families gather, wearing new clothes, and share a communal meal. The most beautiful ritual is the

Nuakhai Juhar, where younger members of the family and community touch the feet of their elders to seek blessings, renewing bonds of respect and affection.39 In the evening, communities organize

Nuakhai Bhetghat (get-togethers) filled with traditional Sambalpuri folk music and dance, making it a profound celebration of agricultural prosperity and social harmony.24

Dhanu Jatra: The World’s Largest Open-Air Theatre

For eleven days every winter, the bustling town of Bargarh undergoes a spectacular transformation. It ceases to be a modern administrative headquarters and becomes the mythical city of Mathura, the capital of the tyrannical demon king, Kansa.41 This is Dhanu Jatra, an event so vast and immersive that it is recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world’s largest open-air theatre.42 The entire town, spanning a radius of nearly 8 kilometers, becomes the stage. The Jeera River flowing through the town becomes the sacred Yamuna, and the nearby village of Ambapali is reimagined as Gopapura, the pastoral home of Lord Krishna.42

The festival, which runs from the fifth day of the lunar month of Pausa to the full moon, enacts the Puranic tale of Krishna’s journey to Mathura to slay his uncle, Kansa.44 What makes it extraordinary is its unscripted, participatory nature. The actor playing Kansa holds genuine, albeit temporary, authority over the town. He holds his royal court, rides through the streets, and can summon and even impose mock fines on real-life government officials and ministers for perceived lapses in administration.42 The entire community becomes part of the drama. The festival’s origins are as profound as its scale; it was first celebrated in 1947-48 as a joyous expression of India’s independence from British rule, with the death of the tyrant Kansa symbolizing the end of colonial oppression.44 To experience Dhanu Jatra is to walk into a living myth, where the lines between actor and audience, stage and reality, completely dissolve.

Chhatar Jatra: The Potent Procession of Power

In Bhawanipatna, the headquarters of Kalahandi district, the festival of Dussehra culminates in a raw and powerful display of Shakti worship: the Chhatar Jatra of Maa Manikeswari.27 The festival celebrates the return of the goddess’s ceremonial umbrella, or

chhatar, to her main temple. In the dead of night on Mahashtami, the chhatar is taken to a shrine in a site called Jenakhal, about 3 kilometers away.27

The procession begins at dawn on Mahanavami. The symbolic chhatar, a bamboo pole covered in black cloth and adorned with a silver plate bearing the Dasamahavidya Yantra, represents the goddess herself.27 As it makes its way back to the main temple, it is accompanied by lakhs of devotees in a state of religious fervor. The air is filled with the thunderous, heart-pounding rhythm of the

Ghumura, a traditional war drum and dance form unique to Kalahandi.27 The Jatra is deeply rooted in the region’s tribal traditions, particularly those of the Kandh community, and is infamous for the thousands of animal sacrifices made along the procession route. Devotees whose wishes have been fulfilled offer goats and birds to the goddess in a visceral display of gratitude and faith.28 Chhatar Jatra is an intense, primal, and unforgettable experience, a window into the potent energy of goddess worship in its most ancient and uninhibited form.

Sital Sasthi: The Celestial Wedding Carnival

In the month of June, Sambalpur transforms into a divine wedding venue for the Sital Sasthi festival, which celebrates the marriage of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati.37 This week-long carnival is one of the most significant festivals in the city. A local family is chosen to act as the parents of Goddess Parvati, and they perform all the rituals of giving away their daughter in marriage to Lord Shiva, who is taken from his temple in a grand procession (

baraat).8 The festival is a vibrant spectacle of folk art, with thousands of artists from across Odisha and neighboring states participating. The streets of Sambalpur come alive with processions, music, dance, and theatrical performances, creating a joyous atmosphere that celebrates the divine union and the eternal bond of marriage.37

V. The People of the Land: Tribal Heritage and Master Weavers

The true wealth of the Western Odisha Heritage Triangle lies not just in its historical sites or natural beauty, but in its people. This is a land where ancient indigenous communities continue to live in harmony with nature, their lives governed by timeless traditions, and where master artisans weave magic on their looms, creating textiles that have captivated the world. The culture here is not a relic of the past; it is a living, breathing entity, sustained by the skills, beliefs, and resilience of its communities. To journey through this region is to meet the custodians of this heritage and understand how their art is intrinsically linked to their identity and livelihood.

The Indigenous Soul: The Kondh and Gond Tribes

Western Odisha is home to a significant portion of the state’s 62 tribal communities, with the districts of the Heritage Triangle forming a rich ethnic tapestry.7 Among the most prominent are the Kondh and the Gond tribes.

The Kondh are the largest tribal group in Odisha, known for their deep reverence for nature and strong martial traditions.49 Traditionally hunter-gatherers and practitioners of slash-and-burn agriculture (

podu), their lives are centered on the forests and hills which they consider sacred. The Dongria Kondh sub-group, for instance, worships the Niyamgiri hills as the sacred abode of their god, Niyam Raja, and have expert knowledge of the hundreds of wild foods and medicinal herbs found there.50 Kondh society is organized into exogamous clans, often identified by animal totems, and is notably egalitarian, with women enjoying rights to own and inherit property.49 Their culture is rich with folklore, and youth dormitories traditionally served as centers for passing down myths, legends, and social customs through song and dance.49

The Gond tribe, with a history in Central India stretching back over 1400 years, are celebrated for their unique and vibrant folk art.52

Gond Painting is a visual language that translates their mythology and reverence for nature into stunningly intricate patterns. Characterized by a signature style of filling images with fine lines, dots, and dashes, the art depicts everything from their deities and the sacred Saja tree to animals of the forest like tigers, deer, and peacocks.52 Originally painted on the mud walls of their homes, Gond art has made a successful transition to canvas and paper, gaining international acclaim while providing a vital source of income and cultural pride for the community. Alongside these major tribes, communities like the Binjhal, Saora, and the nomadic Banjara add to the region’s diverse cultural mosaic.53

The Magic of the Loom: The Art of Sambalpuri Ikat

The most famous cultural export of Western Odisha is undoubtedly the Sambalpuri Saree, a handloom textile that has earned global renown and a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for its exquisite craftsmanship.37 The magic of this fabric lies in the complex technique of

Bandhakala, or tie-dye, a form of Ikat where the warp and weft threads are meticulously tied and dyed in specific patterns before being put on the loom.57 As the weaver works, these pre-dyed threads come together to form intricate, soft-edged motifs of

shankha (conch), chakra (wheel), and phula (flower), symbols deeply rooted in Odia culture.57

While the craft is named after Sambalpur, the undisputed epicenter of its production is the neighboring district of Bargarh.58 Bargarh is home to thousands of looms, with entire villages dedicated to this art form. The weaving is primarily done by the “Bhulia Meher” community, who are believed to have migrated to the region centuries ago, bringing their exceptional skills with them.58 The handloom industry is the backbone of the local economy, providing employment to tens of thousands of weavers and ancillary workers.60 The success of this craft is a powerful story of community enterprise, supported by large and influential cooperatives like the

Sambalpuri Bastralaya Handloom Co-operative Society in Bargarh. Founded in 1954, this society alone supports over 5,600 weavers, providing them with raw materials, ensuring fair wages, and marketing their products through a vast network of outlets.59 A visit to a weaving village in Bargarh is not just a shopping trip; it is an opportunity to witness a living tradition and to support a sustainable economic model that empowers thousands of artisan families.

VI. Nature’s Masterpieces: From Mighty Dams to Mythical Hills

The landscape of the Western Odisha Heritage Triangle is as epic and layered as its history. Here, monumental feats of modern engineering stand in dialogue with ancient hills steeped in mythology, and serene waterfalls carve their way through dense, primeval forests. The natural and man-made wonders of this region are not just scenic spots for sightseeing; they are powerful symbols of creation, sacrifice, and the enduring interplay between humanity and nature. Each location tells a profound story, inviting travelers to look beyond the surface beauty and connect with the powerful forces that have shaped this land.

Hirakud Dam: The Pride of Odisha

Stretching across the Mahanadi River near Sambalpur is the Hirakud Dam, a colossal structure of earth and concrete that stands as the longest earthen dam in the world.35 Inaugurated in 1957, it was one of the first major multipurpose river valley projects of independent India, a symbol of the nation’s ambition and engineering prowess.62 Before its construction, the Mahanadi was known as the “Sorrow of Odisha,” its frequent and devastating floods ravaging the delta region.35 The dam tamed these violent waters, transforming the river into a lifeline that provides irrigation for vast tracts of agricultural land, controls floods, and generates significant hydroelectric power for the state’s industries.35

Behind the 25.8 km long structure extends the Hirakud Reservoir, a vast expanse of water that forms the largest artificial lake in Asia.35 For tourists, the dam offers breathtaking panoramic views from its two observation towers, the Gandhi Minar and the Jawahar Minar.62 The reservoir is a hub for boating and other water activities, and a paradise for birdwatchers, especially in winter.35 A unique attraction is

Cattle Island, a submerged hill that is now an isolated sanctuary for a population of wild cattle, living completely without human intervention.62 Yet, the story of Hirakud is also one of profound sacrifice. The creation of the reservoir submerged over 200 temples and countless villages. During the summer months, when the water level recedes, the tops of these long-lost temples eerily re-emerge, silent witnesses to the price of progress.62

The Gandhamardan Hills: The Living Ramayana

Rising on the border of Bargarh and Balangir districts are the Gandhamardan Hills, a landscape where mythology is vibrantly alive.34 According to the epic Ramayana, this is the very portion of the Himalayas that fell to the earth when Lord Hanuman was carrying the mountain of life-saving herbs, including the

Sanjeevani, to revive a wounded Lakshmana in Lanka.65 This legend imbues the hills with a sacred aura, making them a revered pilgrimage site.

The myth is mirrored in the hills’ incredible biodiversity. Officially declared a Biodiversity Heritage Site, Gandhamardan is a living pharmacy, home to over 220 documented species of medicinal plants, with local healers claiming the number exceeds 500.34 The hills are a treasure trove for botanists and a sanctuary for those seeking natural healing. For the adventurous, a 16 km trek connects the Nrusinghanath Temple on the northern slope with the Harishankar Temple on the southern slope, taking travelers through dense forests, past sparkling streams, and offering stunning views of the surrounding plains.34 A journey to Gandhamardan is a walk through a living epic, a place where the ancient story of sacrifice and healing continues to resonate in its very soil and flora.

Cascading Wonders: Waterfalls of the Triangle

The rugged, forested terrain of the Heritage Triangle is blessed with numerous waterfalls, each offering a unique and refreshing escape into nature’s embrace.

• Phurlijharan (Kalahandi): Located just 15 kilometers from Bhawanipatna, Phurlijharan is a stunning perennial waterfall that cascades from a height of about 16 meters.67 Its name is believed to mean ‘milky waterfall’ in the local dialect, but it is most famous for the vibrant, multi-colored rainbows that form when the morning sun strikes its misty spray.69 Nestled within the lush greenery of the Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary, the falls are an ideal spot for picnics and nature walks, offering a tranquil atmosphere filled with the soothing sound of cascading water.67
• Pradhanpat (near Sambalpur/Deogarh): Situated about 90 km from Sambalpur, near the town of Deogarh, the Pradhanpat waterfall is a spectacular stepped cascade surrounded by dense, verdant forest.71 The water seems to sprinkle down the rock face, creating a scene of rare beauty and serenity.73 Historically, the pristine water from this fall was the primary source of drinking water for the entire town of Deogarh.71 Today, it is a cherished picnic spot, where visitors can relax amidst the roaring sound of the water and the peaceful ambiance of the jungle, making it a perfect retreat from the hustle and bustle of city life.72

VII. A Culinary Journey: The Authentic Tastes of Western Odisha

A journey through the Western Odisha Heritage Triangle is incomplete without indulging in its distinct and flavorful cuisine. The food of this region is a direct reflection of its land and its people—hearty, unpretentious, and deeply rooted in its agricultural rhythms and cultural diversity. From the classic dishes of the Sambalpuri heartland to the vibrant street food of Bargarh’s markets and the earthy, millet-based traditions of Kalahandi’s tribal communities, the culinary tour is an edible history lesson, where every dish tells a story of the region’s unique identity.

The Sambalpur Platter

The cuisine of Sambalpur represents the quintessential taste of Western Odisha, characterized by robust flavors and the use of locally sourced ingredients. A traditional meal here is a wholesome and satisfying affair.

• Dalma: While popular across Odisha, the Sambalpuri version of Dalma is a staple. It is a nutritious stew made from split lentils (toor dal) cooked with a medley of vegetables like pumpkin, potatoes, and eggplant. Its distinctive aroma and flavor come from a special tempering of five spices called panch phoron (fennel, nigella, cumin, fenugreek, and mustard seeds) sizzled in hot oil.75
• Pakhala Bhaata: The ultimate comfort food and a perfect antidote to the region’s summer heat, Pakhala Bhata is cooked rice that is fermented in water overnight. It is served cool, often with curd, and accompanied by a variety of side dishes like roasted vegetables (bhaja), mashed potatoes (alu bharta), and fried fish, offering a refreshing and light meal.75
• Panasa Tarkari: A delectable curry made from unripe, green jackfruit. The raw jackfruit is cut into chunks and cooked with potatoes, onions, and a blend of traditional spices to create a savory dish that has a unique, meaty texture. It is typically enjoyed with hot rice or rotis.75
• Jhuri Bhaja: A treat for non-vegetarians, this is a spicy and aromatic fish curry. The fish is cooked in a rich, brown gravy infused with local spices, creating a dish that is both fiery and flavorful. It is a signature dish of the region and is best savored with steamed rice.75

Bargarh’s Street Food Scene

Bargarh, as a bustling commercial town, has a vibrant street food culture that comes alive in the evenings. The area around the main bus stand is a hub for vendors selling quick, delicious, and authentic local snacks that are a must-try for any visitor.

• Chaula Bara: These are the region’s favorite savory fritters. Made from a batter of soaked rice and lentils, these crispy, golden-fried balls are light, fluffy, and utterly addictive. They are a popular evening snack, often enjoyed on their own or with a simple chutney.77
• Jhaal Mudhi: A simple yet incredibly popular snack, Jhaal Mudhi is puffed rice mixed with chopped onions, tomatoes, green chilies, coriander, and a drizzle of mustard oil and spices. It’s a quick, crunchy, and flavorful bite that captures the essence of local street food.77
• Gupchup and Idli: Like in many parts of India, gupchup (also known as pani puri) is a beloved street food in Bargarh. Additionally, stalls selling hot, fluffy idlis with a special mint chutney are extremely popular, with some vendors selling over a thousand plates a day.79

Kalahandi’s Earthy Delicacies

The cuisine of Kalahandi is deeply influenced by its tribal heritage and its ancient agricultural practices, which have traditionally relied on a diverse range of crops beyond just rice. The food here is wholesome, nutritious, and connected to the forest.

• Millet-Based Foods: Millets have been a staple food for the tribal communities of Kalahandi for centuries. Grains like foxtail millet (suan), little millet (gurji), and finger millet (ragi) are used to make porridges, flatbreads, and other dishes.81
• Suan Kheer: A standout delicacy from the region is the healthy and delicious Suan Kheer. This is a sweet pudding made from foxtail millet (suan chaula) boiled with water and jaggery. It is often enriched with ground peanuts, fennel seeds (saunf), and desiccated coconut, creating a syrupy and sumptuous dessert that is both a treat for the sweet tooth and a nutritious meal. This dish, popular among the Gond and Kondh tribes, is a perfect example of the region’s healthy and sustainable food traditions.82
• Local Greens and Vegetables: The cuisine also features a wide variety of local leafy greens (sag) and forest vegetables, prepared in simple yet flavorful ways, often with minimal spices to let the natural taste of the ingredients shine through.81

VIII. Crafting Your Journey Through the Heritage Triangle

The Western Odisha Heritage Triangle is more than just a new route on a map; it is a profound and enriching journey into the very soul of Odisha. It offers a travel experience that resonates deeply with the modern quest for authenticity, immersion, and a genuine connection to living cultures. This is a circuit that weaves together the threads of ancient history and living faith, of timeless mythology and fragile ecology, of spectacular community celebrations and the quiet dignity of artisanal livelihoods. It is a journey that reveals the heartland of a state, a region poised on the cusp of discovery, making this the perfect moment to explore its myriad wonders.

Why the Western Odisha Heritage Triangle is a Must-Visit

This newly conceptualized circuit offers a unique and compelling proposition for any traveler looking to go beyond the conventional. It is a journey that connects the dots between:

• Ancient History and Living Faith: From the silent, evocative ruins of the Iron Age fort at Asurgarh to the fervent, living rituals at the temples of Samaleswari and Manikeswari.
• Mythology and Ecology: From the Ramayana-infused slopes of the Gandhamardan Hills, a living pharmacy of medicinal herbs, to the monumental scale of the Hirakud Dam, a symbol of modern India’s power over nature.
• Community and Celebration: From the global stage of Bargarh’s Dhanu Jatra, where an entire town becomes a myth, to the intimate family gatherings of Nuakhai, a festival that renews social bonds.
• Art and Livelihood: From the intricate, magical threads of a Sambalpuri Ikat saree to the skilled hands of the Bargarh weaver whose heritage and livelihood are woven into every piece.

To travel through the Heritage Triangle is to witness the seamless continuity of culture, where the past is not a foreign country but a living presence in the here and now.

Best Time to Visit

The ideal period to explore the Western Odisha Heritage Triangle is during the cooler, drier months from October to March. This window not only offers the most pleasant weather for travel and sightseeing but also coincides with the region’s most spectacular festivals. Traveling around October allows one to witness the intense Chhatar Jatra in Kalahandi during Dussehra. The post-monsoon period is also when the landscape is at its most lush and green. The winter months, from December to January, are the time for the magnificent Dhanu Jatra in Bargarh, offering a once-in-a-lifetime cultural experience.

Getting There and Around: A Region on the Cusp of Connectivity

Historically, the perceived remoteness of Western Odisha has been a barrier for many travelers. However, the region is now on the verge of a major connectivity revolution. While Sambalpur is already a major railway hub on the East Coast Railway network, connecting it to major cities across India 9, a game-changing infrastructure project is set to open up the entire triangle.

The newly sanctioned Bargarh Road-Nuapada Road railway line via Padampur is poised to transform travel within the region.84 This 138 km line will drastically reduce the travel distance between key points, bypassing congested freight corridors and providing direct connectivity to previously underserved areas.86 Crucially, it will connect major tourist destinations like the Nrusinghanath Temple and the Debrigarh Sanctuary, making the entire circuit more accessible and integrated.86 With this project fast-tracked for completion, the Heritage Triangle is no longer a distant frontier but a newly accessible destination, offering early visitors the thrill of exploring a region as it opens up to the world.

A Suggested Itinerary for the Western Odisha Heritage Triangle

To help structure a journey through this diverse region, the following is a suggested 7-day itinerary. This plan provides a balanced experience of the history, spirituality, culture, and nature that define the Heritage Triangle.

Day	Location Base	Morning Activity	Afternoon Activity	Evening Experience
1	Sambalpur	Arrive in Sambalpur. Check into your hotel.	Visit the Samaleswari Temple to seek blessings from the region’s guardian deity.	Witness the evening Aarti. Explore the local market for Sambalpuri textiles.
2	Sambalpur	Excursion to Hirakud Dam. Visit Gandhi & Jawahar Minars for panoramic views.	Explore the Leaning Temple of Huma and see the famous ‘Kudo’ fish.	Enjoy a relaxing evening by the Mahanadi River.
3	Bargarh	Travel to Bargarh (approx. 1-1.5 hours). Check in.	Visit Barpali, the birthplace of poet Gangadhar Meher and a major handloom center. Interact with weavers at a cooperative like Sambalpuri Bastralaya.	Explore Bargarh’s vibrant street food scene. Try Chaula Bara and Masala Mudhi.
4	Bargarh	Day trip to the Gandhamardan Hills. Visit the Nrusinghanath Temple.	Enjoy a short trek on the hills, exploring the rich biodiversity and sacred streams.	Return to Bargarh. Relax and enjoy a traditional Odia dinner.
5	Bhawanipatna (Kalahandi)	Travel to Bhawanipatna (approx. 3-4 hours). Check in.	Visit the Manikeswari Temple, the spiritual heart of Kalahandi.	Learn about the Ghumura dance and other local folk arts.
6	Bhawanipatna (Kalahandi)	Excursion to Asurgarh Fort near Narla. Explore the ancient ruins of this Iron Age settlement.	Visit the serene Phurlijharan Waterfall for a refreshing break and picnic.	Enjoy a quiet evening and try local Kalahandi cuisine, perhaps the millet-based Suan Kheer.
7	Departure	After breakfast, travel to the nearest major railhead (e.g., Kesinga) or airport (e.g., Raipur/Bhubaneswar) for your onward journey, filled with memories of Odisha’s heartland.

Note: This itinerary is a template. Travelers visiting during festival seasons should dedicate full days to experience the immersive celebrations of Dhanu Jatra in Bargarh (typically December/January) or Chhatar Jatra in Bhawanipatna (September/October).

Works cited

1. Golden Triangle Tour Odisha | 4 Nights 5 Days Tour Package – Heritage Tours Orissa, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.heritagetoursorissa.com/golden-triangle-odisha/
2. Golden Triangle Tours in Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.odishatourpackage.com/tour-packages/golden-triangle-tours-in-odisha/
3. www.buddhisttourism.online, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.buddhisttourism.online/diamond-triangle-odisha.html#:~:text=The%20Diamond%20Triangle%20Tour%20in,Diamond%20vehicle%20or%20Thunderbolt%20vehicle.
4. Discover the Enchanting Beauty of Diamond Triangle in Odisha | Year Round Holidays India, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://yearroundholidaysindia.com/odisha-tour/diamond-triangle-in-odisha
5. Dakshina Kosala – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala
6. South Kosala-Anil Saha | PDF | History | Religion & Spirituality – Scribd, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.scribd.com/document/750839621/South-Kosala-Anil-Saha
7. Socio-Historical Study of Western Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://thirdvoice.voiceforvoiceless.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Socio-Historical-Study-of-Western-Odisha.pdf
8. History of Sambalpur – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sambalpur
9. History of Sambalpur Division – East Coast Railway, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1536318057192-history%20sbp.pdf
10. en.wikipedia.org, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sambalpur#:~:text=Sambalpur%20is%20an%20ancient%20settlement,of%20diamond%20in%20ancient%20times.
11. SAMBALPUR DISTRICT – E-Magazine….::, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2010/December/engpdf/180-184.pdf
12. Kalahandi – Odishatourisms, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://odishatourisms.com/kalahandi/
13. Kalahandi district – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahandi_district
14. Asurgarh – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asurgarh
15. ‘Asurgarh fort settlement belongs to Iron Age, older than Sisupalgarh’, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/Apr/11/asurgarh-fort-settlement-belongs-to-iron-age-older-than-sisupalgarh-2440634.html
16. Asurgarh Fort | Heritage | Forts in Odisha – Indian Panorama, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.indianpanorama.in/experiences/heritage/forts/asurgarh-fort.php
17. Archaelogical Remains in Kachhimdola & Deundi Village of Kalahandi – Social Research Foundation, accessed on September 3, 2025, http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/peridoicresearchmay/38.%20%20D.K.%20Joshi.pdf
18. About Us | Bargarh – Government Of Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://bargarh.odisha.gov.in/about-district/about-us
19. Bargarh – Jewels of Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://jewelsofodisha.co.in/bargarh-district-of-odisha/
20. bargarh.odisha.gov.in, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://bargarh.odisha.gov.in/about-district/history-0#:~:text=The%20original%20name%20of%20the,big%20fort%20for%20its%20protection.
21. History | Bargarh – Government Of Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://bargarh.odisha.gov.in/about-district/history-0
22. Bargarh district – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargarh_district
23. Samaleswari Temple is a Hindu temple in Sambalpur, Western Odisha, India dedicated to the goddess known as ‘Maa’, also known among the natives as samalei maa, meaning Mother Samaleswari. Shree Shree Samaleswari, the presiding deity of Sambalpur, is a strong religious force in western part of Odisha and Chhattisgarh state of India. On the bank of the river Mahanadi the mother goddess Samaleswari is worshipped from ancient times as Jagatjanani, Adishakti, Mahalaxmi and Mahasaraswati. The region in which the temple is situated has a rich cultural heritage. Sambalpur region is popularly known as Hirakhanda from ancient times. Ptolemy has described the place as Sambalak, according to Tavernir, the French traveller, and Edward Gibbon, the English historian, diamonds were exported to Rome from Sambalpur. – Samaleswari Regional Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd., Sambalpur, Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://samul.in/sambalpur/
24. Festivals, Rituals and Vesas of Goddess Samalesvari of Sambalpur – E-Magazine….::, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2012/oct/engpdf/14-20.pdf
25. Samaleswari Temple, Samlei Mandir, Sambalpur – Odisha Tour, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://odishatour.in/samaleswari-temple-sambalpur/
26. Samaleswari Temple: Mandir Info, History, Timing, Photos and Location – Rgyan, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://rgyan.com/en/temples/samaleswari-temple
27. Chatar jatra – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatar_jatra
28. Manikeshwari Temple – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikeshwari_Temple
29. Kalahandi-shopping – Odishatourisms, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://odishatourisms.com/kalahandi-shopping/
30. Manikeswari and Her Chhatar Jatra in Bhawanipatna_Dr. Chitrasen Pasayat | Odisha Watch, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://odishawatch.in/manikeswari-and-her-chhatar-jatra-in-bhawanipatna_dr-chitrasen-pasayat/
31. Chhatar Jatra: A Unique Blend Of Tribal Fanfare & Devotion In Odisha | OdishaBytes, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://odishabytes.com/chhatra-jatra-a-unique-blend-of-tribal-fanfare-devotion-in-odisha/
32. Nrusinghanath Temple – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nrusinghanath_Temple
33. Nrusinghanath Temple, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://nrusinghanath.wordpress.com/
34. Gandhamardhan Hills & Parbat, Balangir – Odisha Tour, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://odishatour.in/gandhamardhan-hills-balangir/
35. A Guide to Hirakud dam – Universal Adventures, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.universaladventures.in/travel-guide/-a-guide-to-hirakud-dam
36. Tourist Place in Bargarh District, accessed on September 3, 2025, http://www.bargarhmunicipality.in/Tourist-place.html
37. About Us | Sambalpur – Government Of Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://sambalpur.odisha.gov.in/about-district/about-us
38. Nuakhai – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuakhai
39. Nuakhai Juhar 2025- Festival of Odisha – Holidify, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.holidify.com/pages/nuakhai-juhar-3351.html
40. Nuakhai 2025: Date, Timing, and Popular Destinations to Celebrate Nuakhai – redBus, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.redbus.in/festivals/nuakhai-juhar
41. Bargarh Dhanuyatra: 77th World Famous, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.bargarhdhanuyatra.in/
42. Dhanu jatra – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanu_jatra
43. Culture & Heritage | Bargarh – Government Of Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://bargarh.odisha.gov.in/tourism/culture-Heritage
44. THE BARGARH DHANUYATRA SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC RELEVANCE, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.bargarhdhanuyatra.in/uploads/articles/THE-BARGARH-DHANUYATRA-SOCIO-CULTURAL-AND-ECONOMIC-RELEVANCE-Sureswar-Satpathy.pdf
45. The Social Fabric of Dhanuyatra: Cultural Continuity in a Changing World | NewsClick, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.newsclick.in/social-fabric-dhanuyatra-cultural-continuity-changing-world
46. Chhatar Jatra of Maa Manikeswari – Gapu Photography, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.gapuphotography.com/2017/10/chhatar-jatra-of-maa-manikeswari.html
47. Tribal Community – Odisha Tribes – Desia Koraput, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.desiakoraput.com/tribal-community/
48. Odisha Tribes – Patra Tours and Travels, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.patratravels.com/odisha-tribes.php
49. Khond people – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khond_people
50. Dongria Kondh – Survival International, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/dongria
51. The Kondh Tribe, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.etribaltribune.com/index.php/volume-4/mv4i1/the-kondh-tribe
52. Gond Art: History, Elements and Stories – MeMeraki, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.memeraki.com/blogs/posts/gond-art-residing-in-the-heart-of-india
53. BARGARH DISTRICT – E-Magazine….::, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2010/December/engpdf/84-87.pdf
54. Indigenous color of Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://kiss.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Indigenous-color-of-Odisha1.pdf
55. The Unique Jewelry of the Banjara Tribe: A review of Bargarh District, Odisha – Zenodo, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://zenodo.org/records/14162101
56. Kandha Culture of Kalahandi in Orissa – E-Magazine….::, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2010/May-June/engpdf/76-82.pdf
57. Sambalpuri sari – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpuri_sari
58. Art of Its Own Kind: Bargarh Cluster – Fibre2Fashion, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/4833/art-of-its-own-kind-bargarh-cluster
59. Handicraft | Bargarh – Government Of Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://bargarh.odisha.gov.in/tourism/handicraft
60. Industries and Handicrafts | Bargarh – Government Of Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://bargarh.odisha.gov.in/departments/industries-and-handicrafts
61. About Us – Sambalpuri Bastralaya, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.sambalpuribastralaya.com/sambalpuri-bastralaya-present-status
62. Hirakud Dam – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirakud_Dam
63. Hirakud Dam – Odishatourisms, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://odishatourisms.com/tour-item/hirakud-dam-2/
64. Hirakud Dam Travel Guide, About Hirakud Dam Tourism (2025) – TripClap, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.tripclap.com/places/bhubaneswar/hirakud-dam-sightseeing-1017
65. Explore Gandhamardan Hills, Balangir District, Odisha, India | Top Attractions, Food & Shopping | TopPlacesIndia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.topplacesindia.com/states/odisha/attractions/gandhamardan-hills
66. Gandhamardan Hills – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhamardan_Hills
67. Phurlijharan Waterfall, Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi | Odisha Tour, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://odishatour.in/phurlijharan-waterfall-bhawanipatna-kalahandi/
68. Phurlijharan – Wikipedia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phurlijharan
69. Phurlijharan waterfall – tripuntold, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.tripuntold.com/odisha/kalahandi/phurlijharan-waterfall/
70. Places of Interest | Kalahandi – Government Of Odisha, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://kalahandi.odisha.gov.in/tourism/places-of-interest
71. Pradhanpat Waterfall | Waterfalls in Odisha |famous Waterfalls|List of Waterfalls|Popular Waterfalls| Waterfalls in Odisha – Holiday Landmark, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.holidaylandmark.com/india/odisha/waterfalls-in-odisha/pradhanpat-waterfall.html
72. Pradhanpat waterfall // Deogarh district // famous picnic spot in odisha // abhi gyana, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83ZziSrYgno
73. Pradhanpat Waterfall – OD Travels, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.odtravels.in/pradhanpat-waterfall
74. PradhanPat Waterfall – Odisha Travel Mart, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://odishatravelmart.com/about_odisha/PradhanPat-Waterfall.html
75. 6 Lip-Smacking Local Dishes From Sambalpur, Odisha, To Try – Slurrp, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.slurrp.com/article/6-lip-smacking-local-dishes-from-sambalpur-odisha-to-try-1709730873384
76. Food in Sambalpur, Traditional Odiya Cuisines in Sambalpur, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.sambalpuronline.in/guide/food-in-sambalpur
77. Famous Food of Bargarh – Odishatourisms, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://odishatourisms.com/bargarh-food/
78. 1000 People Everyday | The ଚାଉଳ ବରା Brand in Bargarh | Odisha Food ​⁠‪@odiabharibadhia7‬ – YouTube, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuiHPonUOhM
79. Best Street food of bargarh town ଖାଇକି ମଜା ଆସିଗଲା yummy yummy food vlog by #bulariodia, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZZHVu3QE0M
80. 1000 Idli Sell Everyday | BARGARH Famous Idli Man | Special Mint Chutney | Street Food, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bs0vxQ4LYOo
81. Traditionally and Culturally Indispensable Food Consumed by Adivasi women of Kalahandi and Koraput district, Odisha: A Descripti – ResearchGate, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sunita-Mishra-4/publication/236161241_Traditionally_and_culturally_indispensable_food_consumed_by_Adivasi_women_of_Kalahandi_and_Koraput_district_Odisha_A_Descriptive_study/links/00b7d516d2cce719cd000000/Traditionally-and-culturally-indispensable-food-consumed-by-Adivasi-women-of-Kalahandi-and-Koraput-district-Odisha-A-Descriptive-study.pdf
82. Healthy Dessert: Millet Kheer Of Kalahandi Tribals – The Indian Tribal, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://theindiantribal.com/2023/12/16/odisha-tribal-food-india-healthy-dessert-millet-kheer-of-kalahandi-adivasis/
83. Kalahandi-food – Odishatourisms, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://odishatourisms.com/kalahandi-food/
84. Land Acquisition Work in Progress for Bargarh-Nawapara Road Rail Line via Padampur – PIB, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2110534
85. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approves Bargarh-Nuapada railway line project, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Aug/29/cabinet-committee-on-economic-affairs-approves-bargarh-nuapada-railway-line-project
86. Odisha gets Bargarh Road-Nuapada new line among two new railway projects | Bhubaneswar News – Times of India, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-gets-bargarh-road-nuapada-new-line-among-two-new-railway-projects/articleshow/112873504.cms
87. Odisha’s Bargarh Road-Nuapada Road new railway line project progressing fast, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.thestatesman.com/india/odishas-bargarh-road-nuapada-road-new-railway-line-project-progressing-fast-1503382285.html
88. Odisha’s Bargarh-Nuapada railwayline project gets Cabinet Committee approval, accessed on September 3, 2025, https://www.indiawhispers.com/2024/08/28/odishas-bargarh-nuapada-railwayline-project-gets-cabinet-committee-approval/